Madagascar Resource Reserves (2026)

1988

2025

What to know

As of 2023, coal dominated Madagascar's reserves at 165.3 million short tons recoverable. It also held 0.071 trillion cubic feet of gas. EIA stopped publishing oil and gas proved reserves in 2023; the figures above use the latest archived release, while coal continues to update through 2023. Beyond fossil fuels, Madagascar is a top-five producer of Natural Graphite and Cobalt and a top-ten producer of Rare Earths, part of a critical-minerals base spanning 4 commodities tracked by USGS.

Key reserves

Natural gas reserves (2012)

0.07 TCF

Coal reserves (2023)

165.3 M ST

Natural Graphite reserves (2025)

27.0 Mt

Cobalt reserves (2025)

100.0 kt

Key terms

Proved reserves: — Quantities of crude oil or natural gas that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty are recoverable under existing economic and operating conditions.
Recoverable reserves: — Coal that can be technically and economically extracted with current mining methods at current prices. Excludes inaccessible deposits.
Billion barrels (B bbl): — Unit for oil reserves. One barrel equals 42 US gallons or about 159 litres.
Trillion cubic feet (TCF): — Unit for natural gas reserves. One TCF is roughly 28.3 billion cubic metres.
Million short tons (M ST): — Unit for coal reserves. One short ton equals 2,000 lb or 907 kg.

Natural gas proved reserves

In 2012, Madagascar held 0.071 trillion cubic feet of proved natural gas reserves. Reserves held roughly steady over the prior decade.

Coal recoverable reserves

As of 2023, Madagascar's recoverable coal reserves totaled 165.3 million short tons.

The bottom line

Madagascar's reserve base was dominated by coal, the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel by energy content.

Critical minerals (USGS)

Madagascar produces Cobalt, Rare Earths, and Natural Graphite among USGS-tracked critical minerals.

USGS marks 2025 production figures and all reserve estimates as estimated; some earlier production years are USGS estimates as well. Each commodity below charts its own mine-production history, with the 2025 reserve shown beneath its chart.

Cobalt production

Nickel production

Rare Earths production

Natural Graphite production

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration · Updated June 2026

What to know

Key reserves

Natural gas reserves (2012)

0.07 TCF

Coal reserves (2023)

165.3 M ST

Natural Graphite reserves (2025)

27.0 Mt

Cobalt reserves (2025)

100.0 kt

Key terms

Proved reserves: — Quantities of crude oil or natural gas that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty are recoverable under existing economic and operating conditions.
Recoverable reserves: — Coal that can be technically and economically extracted with current mining methods at current prices. Excludes inaccessible deposits.
Billion barrels (B bbl): — Unit for oil reserves. One barrel equals 42 US gallons or about 159 litres.
Trillion cubic feet (TCF): — Unit for natural gas reserves. One TCF is roughly 28.3 billion cubic metres.
Million short tons (M ST): — Unit for coal reserves. One short ton equals 2,000 lb or 907 kg.

Natural gas proved reserves

In 2012, Madagascar held 0.071 trillion cubic feet of proved natural gas reserves. Reserves held roughly steady over the prior decade.

Coal recoverable reserves

As of 2023, Madagascar's recoverable coal reserves totaled 165.3 million short tons.

The bottom line

Madagascar's reserve base was dominated by coal, the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel by energy content.

Critical minerals (USGS)

Madagascar produces Cobalt, Rare Earths, and Natural Graphite among USGS-tracked critical minerals.

Mozambique

Mauritius

Comoros

Réunion

Seychelles

What to know

Key reserves

The bottom line

Critical minerals (USGS)

Mozambique

Mauritius

Comoros

Réunion

Seychelles

What to know

Key reserves

The bottom line

Critical minerals (USGS)