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As of 2023, coal dominated the United States' reserves at 273.2 billion short tons recoverable. It also held 44.42 billion barrels of oil and 465.40 trillion cubic feet of gas. Over the last decade, coal reserves edged higher (+6%). EIA stopped publishing oil and gas proved reserves in 2023; the figures above use the latest archived release, while coal continues to update through 2023. Beyond fossil fuels, the United States is a top-five producer of Rare Earths, Phosphate Rock, and Gold, part of a critical-minerals base spanning 11 commodities tracked by USGS. It also holds top-five reserves of Lithium and Potash.
Oil reserves (2021)
44.42 B bbl
Natural gas reserves (2020)
465.40 TCF
Coal reserves (2023)
273.2 B ST
Lithium reserves (2025)
#54.4 Mt
Potash reserves (2025)
#5220.0 Mt
Rare Earths reserves (2025)
#61.9 Mt
The United States' reserve base was dominated by coal, the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel by energy content.
The United States produces Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Rare Earths, plus 5 more among USGS-tracked critical minerals.
USGS marks 2025 production figures and all reserve estimates as estimated; some earlier production years are USGS estimates as well. Each commodity below charts its own mine-production history, with the 2025 reserve shown beneath its chart.
USGS reports 2025 reserves for these commodities but no mine-production history for United States of America, so they have no chart.